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發展小型事業
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Small Businesses Development
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小型事業近來或許備受矚目，但他們的貢獻其實行之有年。小型事業創造就業機會，帶來革新與科技進步。光在美國，小型事業就雇用了53%的私人非農業勞動人口。
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Small businesses may be receiving increased attention lately, but their contributions are anything but new. Small businesses generate job opportunities, innovations, and technological advances. In the United States alone, small businesses employ 53 percent of the private, non-farm workforce.
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鼓勵小型事業的發展十分合理，因為將能夠創造就業機會並剌激地方經濟。
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Encouraging the development of small businesses makes good sense because of the employment opportunities created and the stimulation of local economies.
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剛起步的事業常受益於財務、原料、或人力資源的協助，而扶輪社員也有重要的工具助他們提供協助：循環貸款基金，又稱為小額信貸。循環貸款基金計劃設立於貧窮社區，提供小額貸款給沒有信用紀錄或無法取得商業銀行貸款的企業家。一旦貸款償還給基金後，這筆錢就可以再借貸給社區其他人。其目的在於協助借款人創立或擴張其事業，並協助他們取得財務上的獨立。但由於其中牽涉到一些專業技術與長期約定，因此建議扶輪社與其他組織合作管理這筆循環貸款基金。
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Businesses starting out can often benefit from financial, material, or human resource assistance, and Rotarians have an important tool to help them offer assistance: revolving loan funds, also known as microcredit. A revolving loan fund program is set up in an impoverished community and provides small loans to entrepreneurs who have no credit history or access to commercial bank loans. Payments are returned to the fund, and that money becomes available for further loans in that community. The goal is to help the borrowers start or expand their businesses, and to help them gain financial independence. Because of the expertise and long-term commitment involved, Rotary clubs are advised to work with other organizations when administering a revolving loan fund.
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計劃構想
舉辦座談會，介紹諸如使用電腦設計行銷手冊或增加利潤的組織管理之類的主題。
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n Project Ideas
— Hold workshops on such topics as using a computer to develop marketing brochures and organizing toward increased profits.
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成立小型事業中心，為企業家提供免費的諮詢服務，內容如下：市場調查、市場識別、事業計劃、取得貸款、預算編列、建立試算表、國際貿易、生產與庫存控制、現金流向分析，以及零售、服務及製造業之一般管理
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— Establish a small-business center offering no-cost counseling to entrepreneurs for the following: market research, market identification, business plans, acquiring a loan, budgeting, creating a spreadsheet, international trade, production and inventory control, cash flow analysis, general management for retail, service, and manufacturing.
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準備小手冊提供下列主題的建議：
•自行創業
•如何測試構想
•募款的地點與方法
•為請求貸款準備事業計劃書
•從數字瞭解事業
•為小型事業行銷
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— Prepare booklets providing advice on these topics:
• starting your own business
• how to test your idea
• where and how to raise money
• how to prepare a business plan for a loan request
• understanding business by the numbers
• marketing for the very small business
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計劃範例
澳洲的扶輪社參加了一個名為火線行動(Operation Livewire)的活動，鼓勵18至25歲的年輕人自行創業，範圍從最基本的營利性投資到新科技的開發皆可。每位參與者將被指派一名顧問，這名顧問將為年輕的企業家提供為期三個月的指導。最棒的構想將獲頒現金獎品，而且已經有許多參與者都成功立足於商場上。
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n Project Examples
— Rotary clubs in Australia participate in Operation Livewire, which encourages young people age 18 to 25 to establish their own businesses, ranging from the most basic money-making venture to the development of new technology. Each participant is assigned a mentor who provides guidance to the young business person during a three-month period. Cash prizes are awarded for the best ideas, and many of the participants have gone on to successfully establish themselves in the business world.
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在菲律賓，露德聖母扶輪鄉村服務團多重目的合作企業(Our Lady of Lourdes TCV Multipurpose Cooperative, Inc.)成立了一個循環貸款基金計劃，協助菲國人民發展與維繫微型企業。最初的資金來源有二，一是諾沙加蕾(Norzagaray)扶輪社社員的捐款，因為該社輔導露德聖母扶輪鄉村服務團，二是名為透過「Tipid Impok行動」(Operation Tipid Impok)的服務團計劃，學童所捐的上學的零用錢。
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— In the Philippines, the Our Lady of Lourdes RVC Multipurpose Cooperative, Inc., established a revolving loan fund program to assist citizens in developing and sustaining micro-enterprises. The initial capital was generated by donations from members of the Rotary Club of Norzagaray, which sponsors the Our Lady of Lourdes Rotary Village Corps, and from a Corps program entitled “Operation Tipid Impok,” through which children donated money from their school allowances.
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「主流計劃」(Project Mainstream)為印度孟買的街童提供訓練和資金以發展小事業，並為有志於駕駛或擔任保全警衛或幫傭的人提供職業訓練。座談會教導青少年銷售技巧與如何經營賺錢行業的竅門，這些行業包括賣茶、製作三明治、擦鞋修鞋、插花、賣魚，以及裝訂書籍。這項計劃獲得一筆扶輪基金會保健、防飢及人道(3-H)獎助金、孟買的扶輪社、加拿大多倫多扶輪社，和一些外界的捐款人士捐錢資助。
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— “Project Mainstream” provided street children in Mumbai, India, with training and finance to start up small businesses as well as vocational training for those interested in driving or becoming security guards or domestics. Workshops taught teenagers sales techniques and tips on how to run profitable businesses, including tea vending, sandwich-making, shoe polishing and repairs, flower arranging, fish vending, and bookbinding. The project was financed through money received from a Rotary Foundation 3-H Grant, the Bombay Rotary clubs, the Rotary Club of Toronto, Canada, and some outside contributors.
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協助員工
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Assisting Employees
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員工的健康和幸褔與其生產力息息相關。提供員工資訊讓他們瞭解會影響他們生活的問題，不僅能讓員工個人有所轉變，同時也能提升對組織或公司的向心力。許多員工都想要培養提升技能，從基本的識字和數理，到更高級的電腦或通訊技巧。其他人則有健康相關的問題，例如酗酒、藥物濫用、或HIV與愛滋病。扶輪社員可以協助解決這些問題，幫助員工成為更具生產力、更滿足的一份子。
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The health and well-being of employees is central to their productivity. Providing them with information on issues that will impact their lives can make a difference for them personally as well as increase their commitment to the organization or company. Many employees have skills that they would like to develop, from basics such as literacy and Numeracy to more advanced computer or communications skills. Others have questions regarding health-related issues such as alcoholism, drug abuse, or HIV/AIDS. Rotarians can play a role in resolving these issues and helping their employees develop into more productive, content individuals.
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專業發展
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Professional development
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隨著許多世界的經濟體將重心從製造業轉往服務業，在管理、銷售和服務領域將產生更多就業機會，從此需要更多較高教育水平的勞工。同時，開發中國家需要至少具備基本識字與數理能力的勞工，以方便職場上訓練與安全程序的溝通。
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As many of the world’s economies shift their emphases from goods-producing to service-producing industries, more jobs will be created in the areas of management, sales, and service, requiring higher education levels for more workers. Meanwhile, developing economies require workers to have at least basic literacy and numeracy skills to facilitate better communication of training and safety procedures in the workplace.
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藉由開辦訓練計劃協助員工改善通訊技巧、電腦技能與其他技能，扶輪社員可以在本身的職場中或更大的社區範圍裡推動專業發展。識字計劃可以在扶輪社員的事業裡推動，也可以在扶輪員的協助下由學校和社區組織辦理。
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Rotarians can promote professional development in their own workplaces or in the greater community by initiating training programs that can aid employees in improving in such areas as communications skills, computer skills, and other technical skills. Literacy programs can also be established in Rotarian businesses or can be initiated by schools and community organizations with the help of Rotarians.
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吸毒及酗酒
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Drug and alcohol abuse
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受吸毒及酗酒所苦的員工，他們的問題不會只侷限於家庭裡。吸毒及酗酒會對職場產生毀滅性的影響，無論是員工士氣、工作表現或事業成本皆然。事業主常會認為零吸毒的職場計劃不適合他們，只因他們沒有發現任何明顯的問題。但處理金錢、數字和客戶的員工如有吸毒及酗酒的問題，可能會掩藏這樣的問題數年之久。
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Employees suffering from the affects of substance abuse don’t leave their problems at home. Drug and alcohol abuse can have a devastating impact on the workplace, in terms of morale, job performance, and costs to the business. Business owners often think a drug-free workplace program doesn’t apply to them because they don’t detect any obvious problems. But an employee with a substance-abuse problem who deals with cash, numbers, and customers can keep such a problem hidden for years.
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鼓勵一個零吸毒的工作環境並不會花很多錢。一些幾乎或根本不需成本的小步驟，不但能幫公司省錢，還能改善員工的健康、士氣和幸福。扶輪社員事業成功的關鍵，包括了針對吸毒及酗酒制訂明確、一貫的政策，並辦理協助員工計劃讓員工參加。
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Encouraging a drug-free workplace does not have to be expensive. Some small steps with little or no cost can save a business money while improving the health, morale, and well-being of employees. Keys to success for Rotarian businesses include developing a clear, consistent policy on alcohol and drugs and offering access to an employee assistance program.
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愛滋病
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AIDS
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根據聯合國愛滋病組織(UNAIDS)的統計，全球有3,100萬人感染了造成愛滋病的致命病毒；其中非洲佔了將近三分之二，而亞洲的成長速率最快。在辛巴威，四個成人之中就有一人死於愛滋。在波札那，43%的懷孕女性呈現 HIV陽性反應。印度感染 HIV病毒的人數多達4百萬，位居全球之冠。雖然愛滋病目前仍無藥可救，但還是有一絲希望，那就是在職場中舉辦愛滋病防治活動。一項在辛巴威加強愛滋病防治活動的工廠中進行的調查發現，新感染病例的成長速率因此減緩了超過三分之一，而每年花在每位員工的成本只有6美元。
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According to UNAIDS, 31 million people worldwide are infected with the deadly virus that causes AIDS; nearly two-thirds are in Africa, and the highest rate of growth is in Asia. In Zimbabwe, one out of four adults dies of AIDS. In Botswana, 43 percent of pregnant women are HIV positive. India has the largest number of HIV-infected people in the world: 4 million. But while there is no cure, there is hope, and it lies in workplace-based AIDS-prevention initiatives. A study in Zimbabwe factories that had stressed AIDS prevention found that the rate of new infections was cut by more than one-third, and at a cost of only US$6.00 per employee per year.
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計劃構想
鼓勵出席可以找出並協助有吸毒或酗酒問題的員工之協助員工計劃。
找出當地一家而要識字訓練的公司，並協助該公司辦理課程。
發展一項能在學校或職場辦理的愛滋病宣導計劃。
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n Project Ideas
— Promote attendance at employee assistance programs that can identify and help workers with drug or alcohol problems.
— Identify a local business where literacy training is needed and assist the business with administering a course.
— Develop an AIDS-awareness program that can be implemented in schools or workplaces.
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計劃範例
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n Project Examples
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美國紐澤西州孟罕斯(Mendhams)扶輪社在郡立監獄成立了一個識字中心。一家在地的公司捐出三部電腦，一位社友則購買並安裝了特殊的識字軟體。收容人每週在電腦上進行10至12小時的識字練習，除了改善他們的教育背景之外，並與外界保持聯繫，以免出獄時與社會嚴重脫節。
印度德里南區四海一家(Delhi South Cosmopolitan)扶輪社為公立學校的老師安排一項愛滋病宣導座談會。該座談會說明了愛滋病的醫史，揭開與愛滋病相關的神秘面紗，並強調與學生對人體和性行為誠實討論的重要性。
美國阿拉巴馬州伯明罕(Birmingham)扶輪社向企業索取他們檢驗是否吸毒政策的副本，然後製成一個檔案供當地事業使用。這些公司可以在詳閱這些政策後，選出適合本身公司規模或營業種類的政策。參與者表示，職場的工安事故發生率在採行了新政策後大幅下滑。
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— The Rotary Club of Mendhams, New Jersey, USA, created a literacy center in the county jail. A local firm donated three computers and a club member bought and installed special literacy software. Inmates perform learning exercises on the computers for 10 to 12 hours per week to improve their educational backgrounds and keep in touch with an outside world that will likely be different by the time they are released.
— The Rotary Club of Delhi South Cosmopolitan, India, arranged an AIDS-awareness workshop for teachers at a public school. The workshop provided a medical history of AIDS, debunked myths related to the disease, and stressed the importance of honest discussions with students about the human body and sexuality.
— The Rotary Club of Birmingham, Alabama, USA, solicited companies for copies of their drug-testing policies and developed a file for use by local businesses. Companies were allowed to examine the policies to find one that suited their size or type of business. Participants reported that accident rates at job sites had dropped drastically after implementing the new policy.
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為殘障人士製造就業機會
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Creating Vocational Opportunities for the Disabled
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對許多殘障人士的偏見儘管令人遺憾，卻揮之不去，迫使他們難以找到有意義的工作機會。部分雇主覺得殘障人士的生產力不足或需要特殊待遇。身為社區事業部門的領導成員，扶輪社員的職責是要打破這些刻板印象，協助殘障人士找到所有勞工朋友都有機會從事的有意義的工作。
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An unfortunate, lingering prejudice against many people with disabilities prevents them from finding meaningful job opportunities. Some employers feel that persons with disabilities can not be as productive or need special treatment. As leading members of their communities’ business sectors, Rotarians are in a position to eradicate those stereotypes and assist the disabled in their quest for the type of meaningful positions to which all workers deserve access.
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計劃構想
製作推廣資料—錄影帶或小冊子—說明雇用殘障員工的好處。
辦理活動協助雇主讓工作環境接受殘障人士。
為前往工作場所有困難的殘障員工提供交通運輸。
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n Project Ideas
— Produce promotional materials — videotapes or brochures — that demonstrate the benefits of hiring disabled workers.
— Start a campaign to help employers to make their workplaces accessible to the disabled.
— Provide transportation for disabled workers who have difficulty getting to their workplace.
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計劃範例
巴西Caxias do Sul Cinquentenario 扶輪社和「殘障人士親友」分會與當地的事業和工會合作，協助視障人士在勞動市場中取得立足點。這項計劃透過雇主教育和工作安排的方式，協助視障人士融入社區之中。
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n Project Examples
— The Rotary Club of Caxias do Sul Cinquenten脃rio, Brazil, and a chapter of Parents and Friends of the Disabled teamed up with local businesses and unions to help the visually disabled gain a foothold in the labor market. The project assisted in the integration of the visually disabled into the community through employer education and job placement.
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美國紐約州奧本尼(Albany)扶輪社為當地雇主舉辦一項年度的專題討論會活動，名為「殘障人士的就業機會」。每年4月舉辦的這場討論會，重點在於鼓勵更多業者雇用殘障人士並現身說法分享其好處。這場會議同時為與會者提供工作聯絡人的資料，並提升扶輪在社區的能見度。
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— The Rotary Club of Albany, New York, USA, sponsors an annual symposium for local employers called “Employee Opportunities for Individuals with Disabilities.” The primary focus of the symposium, held each April, is to encourage more businesspeople to hire people with disabilities and to speak about the benefits. The meeting also provides participants with job contacts and raises Rotary’s visibility in the community.
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自1984年起，美國加州聖塔羅莎(Santa Rosa) 扶輪社員便鼓勵企業雇用殘障人士。他們每年都舉辦一場研討會，扶助企業主管正視未來員工的能力，而非他們的缺陷。就這樣，全國有超過20個扶輪社沿用了這個構想，開始依照聖塔羅莎的模式舉辦研討會。
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— The Rotarians of Santa Rosa, California, USA, have worked since 1984 to encourage businesses to hire people with disabilities. They present an annual symposium that helps business executives to look at the abilities, instead of the disabilities, in prospective employees. Along the way, more than 20 other Rotary clubs across the country picked up on the idea and began holding symposiums based on the Santa Rosa format.
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與退休勞工合作
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Working with Retirees
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許多員工認為退休就代表與社會脫離。有些人不打算退休，情願在勞動市場中繼續培養技能。扶輪社員可以提供這樣的訓練，以及其他社交活動和服務的機會，讓社會最有經驗的人繼續留在職場上享受人生。
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Many employees feel that at retirement they are cut off from the rest of society. Some are not ready to retire and would rather continue developing their skills in the workforce. Rotarians can offer such training, as well as opportunities for social activities and service, to keep society’s most experienced people on the job and enjoying their lives.
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計劃構想
協助為退休的經理人與正在努力奮鬥但需要經驗豐富人士指導的小企業進行配對。
輔導一個Probus (退休專業人士)社團，提供退休的商界人士定期和其他擁有類似興趣的退休人員一個定期聚會的場所。
為被迫提早退休的人員提供創業的指導。
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n Project Ideas
— Help match retired managers with struggling small businesses seeking guidance from those with more experience.
— Sponsor a Probus club, which gives retired business people a place to meet regularly with other retirees who share similar interests.
— Provide guidance on starting up a business to workers who were forced to retire early.
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計劃範例
加拿大魁北克省蕭維爾(Shawville)扶輪社主辦了一個社會服務計劃，為當地銀髮族提供電腦入門課程。該計劃同時也促進了兩代之間的聯繫，因為高中生也參與協助教導這些老年人。在八週的課程結束後，班上每個人都能使用電腦寫信、建立個人財務試算表和收發電子郵件。
— 挪威索倫桑(Sorumsand)扶輪社員主辦了一項計劃，讓退休人員和當地福利機構彼此認識。主要目的是讓這些人有機會協助其他退休的人員。例如，退休的律師能為老年人提供法律建議，退休的心理醫師也能協助其他銀髮族。
— 9830地區【澳洲(Tasmania)塔斯梅尼亞】的扶輪社員和退休專業人士社團團員共同參與了一項名為良師益友資源的計劃。該計劃建立了一個完整清單，當中列出成功的事業和專業人士，而且這些人能夠也願意為需要協助的小型事業擔任良師益友。
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1. Project Examples
5. The Rotary Club of Shawville, Quebec, Canada, organized a Community Service project involving an introductory computer course for local senior citizens. The project also encouraged intergenerational contacts because high school students joined in to help teach the seniors. By the end of the eight weeks, everyone in the class had used a computer to write letters, create a personal finance spreadsheet, and send and receive e-mail.
6. The Rotarians of S𣳇rumsand, Norway, organized a project to bring together retirees and local welfare organizations. The idea was to give retired individuals the opportunity to help other retirees. For example, a retired lawyer gave legal advice to elderly people, and a retired psychiatrist gave assistance to other senior citizens.
7. Members of Rotary and Probus clubs in District 9830 (Tasmania, Australia) participate in a program called Mentor Resources. The program has established a comprehensive list of successful business and professional people who are able and willing to act as mentors in small businesses that request their assistance.
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